The .gov means its official. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. He D., Li X., He X., Wang K., Tang J., Yang X., He X., Yang X., Zou Z. Noncovalent assembly of reduced graphene oxide and alkyl-grafted mesoporous silica: An effective drug carrier for near-infrared light-responsive controlled drug release. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Gong Z., Chen M., Ren Q., Yue X., Dai Z. Fibronectin-targeted dual-acting micelles for combination therapy of metastatic breast cancer. The results obtained from cytotoxicity assay determined by the reduced half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) using MTT assay in addition to enhanced cell apoptosis from flow cytometry analysis suggested the nanocomposite can enhance targeted delivery of 5-FU as well as cytotoxicity to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Chen Y.-W., Chen P.-J., Hu S.-H., Chen I.-W., Chen S.-Y. Considered as one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs, DOX has been loaded to rGO synthesized with various reducing agents. These oxidisers work by reacting with the graphite and removing an electron in the chemical reaction. In animal models with subcutaneously implanted cancer cells, resveratrol-loaded rGO/PEG injected intratumorally to tumor-bearing nude mice also significantly suppress tumor growth under photothermally controlled drug delivery. Similarly, Shim et al. Reduced Graphene Oxide: Properties, Applications and Production Methods. developed magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized rGO for loading CPT. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. As you can see, graphene oxide has a variety of uses and it does stand out with its incredible features and powerful benefits. and transmitted securely. Chang G., Wang Y., Gong B., Xiao Y., Chen Y., Wang S., Li S., Huang F., Shen Y., Xie A. Furthermore, all catalysts indicate negligible deterioration, indicating better stability during the process of HER and OER after a stability test of 60 h. The water splitting system composed of NiSe2-rGO-ST/NF||FeSe2-rGO-ST/NF electrodes requires only 1.75 V at 10 mA cm2. please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. A systematic study of the biological behavior of injected rGO in vivosuch as stability, biodistribution, secretion, etc.should be attempted for better clinical use. The first hurdle that rGO-based cancer therapeutics faces will be the reticuloendothelial system (RES) after intravenous delivery. It is consider as one of the suitable choices for reducing GOs, not only because it produces highly reduced GO nanosheet suspended in water or in hydrogels at room temperature or mild temperatures, but also because it produces an environmentally friendly by-product, dehydroascorbic acid, after the reaction [35,36]. This process involves coating various substrates such as Indium Tin Oxide or glass with a very thin layer of graphene oxide. Fortuni B., Inose T., Ricci M., Fujita Y., Van Zundert I., Masuhara A., Fron E., Mizuno H., Latterini L., Rocha S., et al. However, this process has a major drawback - the structure of the graphene platelets is damaged by the heating process, resulting in significant mass loss, and potentially impacting the mechanical strength of the rGO. Some reported examples of graphene oxide reduction include: Using chemical reduction to reduce GO is a scalable technique; however, the rGO produced by this method often has substandard electrical conductivity and surface area. The methods which are capable of producing the highest quality graphene tend to be more complex. Based on the reducing agent used for rGO synthesis, and the moieties conjugated with it, rGO-based nanocomposite is endowed with triggered drug release capability after intracellular uptake, by pH change or hyperthermia. rGO nanomaterial-mediated cancer targeting and photothermal therapy in a microfluidic co-culture platform. The reduction process involves addition of 50 M resveratrol into GO (1 mg/mL), which was sonicated for 15 min beforehand, and reacted at 40 C for 1 h. This was continued by cooling and sonication for 15 min, followed by continuous stirring for 1 h at 90 C. ; Writingreview and editing, G.J. https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4041. Please enable JavaScript You do not have JavaScript enabled. designed a pH-responsive, NIR-sensitive rGO-based nanocomposite (ICG-CPPDN/rGO), by ionic complexation of ICG with CPPDN/rGO, for local destruction of cancer cells with minimal invasiveness to surrounding normal cells [103]. [36] Due to sequential drug release with the pH-sensitive drug release behavior of hydroxyapatite in the first stage and photothermal conversion from RGO/AuNR after NIR laser irradiation in the second stage, the designed nanocomposite exhibits greater antitumor activity from the chemo-photo effect. Indeed, nanomaterials coated with biocompatible moieties with size smaller than 100 nm are believed to be cleared from the body without noticeable toxicity after systemic administration. Due to the higher biocompatibility, chitosan-based reduction can enhance the potential biological and medicinal applications of rGO. In a different study, Dhanavel et al. Similarly, Zaharie-Butucel and team reduced GO using chitosan to combine PTT and PDT, followed by using chitosan-rGO as a carrier for DOX in synergetic therapy of colon cancer [49]. Degors I.M.S., Wang C., Rehman Z.U., Zuhorn I.S. Taking advantage of the fact that polyphenol compounds in green tea (GT)-reduced rGO can act as targeting ligand, targeted delivery of the nanocomposite resulted in 20% higher photothermal destruction of the high metastatic SW48 cancer cells than that of the low metastatic HT29 cells [100]. After combining this unique characteristic with the high loading capacity of anticancer drugs, rGO reveals itself as a promising nanomaterial for chemo-photothermal therapy [34]. All studies confirm that hydrazine is a good reducing agent for producing rGO. It can be great for applications in biology, energy storage, but also chemistry, optics and electronics. Hu Y., He L., Ding J., Sun D., Chen L., Chen X. One-pot synthesis of dextran decorated reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles for targeted photo-chemotherapy. "Reduced Graphene Oxide: Properties, Applications and Production Methods". Anti-cancer effects of newly developed chemotherapeutic agent, glycoconjugated palladium (II) complex, against cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells. Such unique and tunable features have promised their new applications in drug delivery [29]. Vinothini K., Rajendran N.K., Rajan M., Ramu A., Marraiki N., Elgorban A.M. A magnetic nanoparticle functionalized reduced graphene oxide-based drug carrier system for a chemo-photodynamic cancer therapy. Green tea is rich in polyphenolic compounds, with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) making up about 5060% of total tea polyphenols. Nonetheless, considering the explosive and toxic nature of hydrazine hydrate, the reduction of GO using this reducing agent should be performed with care [40]. Over the past few years, graphene oxide has become increasingly useful for a vast range of different situations. Moreover, the combination of graphene-based materials with inorganic particles, like iron oxide and gold nanoparticles, can further enhance the photothermal effect and lead to higher cancer cell death rate during PTT [80,81,82,83]. rGO is used in the following applications: Grapheneas rGO is made to go through a stringent quality control process so as to ensure that the product produced is of high quality and has good reproducibility. Yan et al. On the other hand, thermally reducing GO at above 1000C produces a high surface area rGO which is similar to a pristine graphene. Fetching data from CrossRef. We will send you an email to reset your password. The most common techniques are by using sonication, stirring, or a combination of the two. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. Reduced Graphene-Oxide-Embedded Polymeric Nanofiber Mats: An On-Demand Photothermally Triggered Antibiotic Release Platform. Graphene oxide has taken the rounds within the industry over the past few years, thanks to its unique innovations and powerful features. The dispersion stability, DOX loading and release efficiency, internalization, and biocompatibility of FA-rGO/ZnS:Mn resulted in excellent anti-cancer efficiency against breast cancer cells. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is an affordable protein with high biocompatibility, which can act as a reductant and a stabilizer of GO due to the presence of the amino acid tyrosine (Tyr) within it [55,56]. A stable suspension of highly reduced GO could be produced using vitamin C in aqueous solution as well as in organic solvent such as dimethylformamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Jain S., Hirst D.G., OSullivan J.M. FOIA Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) for Monitoring Protein Aggregation, Uses and Applications for Graphene in Electronics, Energy, Filtration and Advanced Composites, CVD Graphene Films on Silicon and Silicon Dioxide, Graphene in Electronics Successfully Upscaling Graphene onto Patterned Electronic Devices, Simple Transfer of Monolayer Graphene to Substrates Easy Transfer Graphene, treating graphene oxide with hydrazine hydrate at 100C for 24 hours, exposure to hydrogen plasma for several seconds, exposure to powerful pulsed light from xenon flashtubes, heating the graphene oxide with urea as an expansion-reduction agent, direct heating of graphene oxide in a furnace to very high temperatures, Dispersability: It can be dispersed at low concentrations of less than 0.1mg/mL in DMSO, NMP, DMF. Strategies for reduction of graphene oxide - ScienceDirect Reduced Graphene Oxide-Containing Smart Hydrogels with Excellent Chau N.D.Q., Reina G., Raya J., Vacchi I.A., Mnard-Moyon C., Nishina Y., Bianco A. Elucidation of siRNA complexation efficiency by graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Moreover, a low . Oz Y., Barras A., Sanyal R., Boukherroub R., Szunerits S., Sanyal A. Functionalization of Reduced Graphene Oxide via ThiolMaleimide Click Chemistry: Facile Fabrication of Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles. By treating rGO with other chemicals or by creating new compounds by combining rGO with other two dimensional materials, we can enhance the properties of the compound to suit commercial applications. Hu et al. Polyethylenimine-based nanocarriers in co-delivery of drug and gene: A developing horizon. By combining PTT, IDO inhibition, and PD-L1 blockade, the growth of irradiated tumor in distant sites without PTT treatment can be effectively inhibited by targeting multiple antitumor immune pathways to induce synergistic antitumor immunity [132]. Resveratrol-guided reduction of GO could provide better biocompatibility, solubility, and selectivity compared to many other reducing agents. Furthermore, the functionalization of rGO may be difficult in large scale, which might limit the application of functionalized rGO in cancer therapy from bench to bedside. Within those nanomaterials, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), a graphene family 2D carbon nanomaterial, emerged as a good candidate for cancer photothermal therapy due to its excellent photothermal conversion in the near infrared range, large specific surface area for drug loading, as well as functional groups for functionalization with molecules such as photosensitizers, siRNA, ligands, etc. In addition, for successful cancer therapy, the designed rGO-based nanocomposites should preferably be endowed with both therapeutic and diagnostic functions for precision nanomedicine. In a separate study, Vinothini at el. The results suggested that rGO exhibits high DOX loading, good stability, and pH-sensitive sustained drug release, which is evident from the effective cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and A549 cancer cells in vitro [64]. From in vitro experiments, NIR laser irradiation (808 nm) could enhance resveratrol release from rGO/PEG to increase the cytotoxicity against 4T1 murine breast cancer cells by lowering cell viability and inducing cell apoptosis. Lima-Sousa and co-workers also functionalized rGO with HA-grafted poly-maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene (HA-g-PMAO) for targeted PTT [99]. a, Schematics of atomic structures.PG, pristine graphene; GO, graphene oxide; trGO, totally reduced graphene oxide. Jiang W., Mo F., Jin X., Chen L., Xu L.J., Guo L., Fu F. Tumor-Targeting Photothermal Heating-Responsive Nanoplatform Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide/Mesoporous Silica/Hyaluronic Acid Nanocomposite for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Bhumkar D.R., Joshi H.M., Sastry M., Pokharkar V.B. ; Writingoriginal draft preparation, B.S.D. In another study, a PTT/PDT reagent was synthesized by conjugating tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) to rGOPEI, which was formed based on carboxylic acid functionalized rGO for combination PTT/PDT therapy [94].
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