[28], Germanium-on-insulator (GeOI) substrates are seen as a potential replacement for silicon on miniaturized chips. The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. After a few decades, germanium was eventually superseded by silicon but it still has many applications that we find daily. Germanium is mainly recycled from production scrap and waste streams from various industries such as fiber optics, solar cells, LEDs and infrared optics. This was a triumph for Dmitri Mendeleev in his construction of the periodic table. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. He found its composition to be 75% silver, 18% sulfur, and 7% he could not explain. But his table had a number of prominent gaps. [61][62] The highest concentration ever found was in Hartley coal ash with as much as 1.6% germanium. eV Este site coleta cookies para oferecer uma melhor experincia ao usurio. [32] The dioxide (and the related oxides and germanates) exhibits the unusual property of having a high refractive index for visible light, but transparency to infrared light. This is partly a matter of availability - as silicon in the primary constituent of sand, there's plenty out there, where germanium has to be mined at considerable expense. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. [28], High efficiency solar panels are a major use of germanium. The reflectivity has advantages over silicon in neutron and high energy X-ray applications. [note 1] The chemist Clemens Winkler analyzed this new mineral, which proved to be a combination of silver, sulfur, and a new element. It is still primarily the pure element that has a role, if rather more specialized than it first was, in our electronics and communications. Commercial use of the Images will be charged at a rate based on the particular use, prices on application. Germanium ores are very rare. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon. 76Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%. [30], While use of germanium itself does not require precautions, some of germanium's artificially produced compounds are quite reactive and present an immediate hazard to human health on exposure. Although end-of-life recycling presents significant challenges due to the dissipative nature of some of the applications, there is an increase in recycling opportunities by turning more and more complex waste streams to recycling flows. Because this new element showed some similarities with the elements arsenic and antimony, its proper place in the periodic table was under consideration, but its similarities with Dmitri Mendeleev's predicted element "ekasilicon" confirmed that place on the periodic table. Reserve distribution. Mendeleyev (1834-1907) was a Russian chemist who arranged the 63 then known elements into a periodic table based on atomic mass. If you are in any doubt, please ask. Transistors are the heart of computers and therefore it was germanium that helped build the digital world in which we now live . The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. Nor shall the RSC be in any event liable for any damage to your computer equipment or software which may occur on account of your access to or use of the Site, or your downloading of materials, data, text, software, or images from the Site, whether caused by a virus, bug or otherwise. And silicon is a more effective semiconductor for making electronic components. The first use of germanium on a large scale was to replace the most basic electronic component, the diode. Germaniums absorption makes it a great metalloid to use in solar cells to power vehicles and systems in outer space, but that is not its only application. The deposits in China are located mainly in the lignite mines near Lincang, Yunnan; coal is also mined near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia.[56]. Russia and China used this as a source for germanium. Meanwhile, demand for germanium in fiber optics communication networks, infrared night vision systems, and polymerization catalysts increased dramatically. (November 18, 2010). However, synthetic soluble germanium salts are nephrotoxic, and synthetic chemically reactive germanium compounds with halogens and hydrogen are irritants and toxins. [51], Germanium is created by stellar nucleosynthesis, mostly by the s-process in asymptotic giant branch stars. A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Shanks, W.C.P., III, Kimball, B.E., Tolcin, A.C., and Guberman, D.E., 2017, Germanium and indium, chap. Accessed June 05, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/270442/distribution-of-germanium-reserves-worldwide-by-country/, Capital. [53] Germanium has been detected in some of the most distant stars[54] and in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Germanium is also used as an alloying agent (adding 1% germanium to silver stops it from tarnishing), in fluorescent lamps and as a catalyst. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. Chart. Production. [82] In the United States, germanium is not used for polymerization catalysts. YouTube is a Google owned platform for hosting and sharing videos. They are also used in surveillance cameras, night vision systems in cars and firefighting. [28] Germanium transistors are still used in some effects pedals by musicians who wish to reproduce the distinctive tonal character of the "fuzz"-tone from the early rock and roll era, most notably the Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face. As of 2019, the U.S. maintains greater than 50% reliance on imported germanium from countries such as Belgium and China who were the main U.S. suppliers between 2015-2018. On the 26th of November 2018, NASA reported that the InSight robot had successfully landed on Mars. Current annual production of refined germanium is led by China at 85,000 tons, while estimates place U.S. reserves near 2,500 tons. It is a hard, grayish-white element; it has a metallic luster and the same crystal structure as diamond; and it is brittle, like glass. [32] Like silicon, gallium, bismuth, antimony, and water, germanium is one of the few substances that expands as it solidifies (i.e. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. Show sources information You only have access to basic statistics. The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. None of this information can be used to identify you. Today germanium plays an essential role in optical fibers, enabling information and data to travel quickly through light pulses along a glass fiber. Inclusion of material in the database is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Group [38] The germanium hydrohalides with one, two and three halogen atoms are colorless reactive liquids. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2023, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2023, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Research lead covering energy, chemicals & resources, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. Mercer, C.N., 2015, Germanium-Giving microelectronics an efficiency boost: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3011, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153011. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. [Online]. 2019 2020. e. United States W W Data on the recoverable germanium China 85,700 86,000 content of zinc ores are not available. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. [68] Russia's deposits are located in the far east of Sakhalin Island, and northeast of Vladivostok. The description of the element in its natural form. As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. Germanium price U.S. 2022 | Statista Copper production in leading countries 2022, Gold production ranked by major countries 2022, Silver production in major countries worldwide 2022, To download this statistic in XLS format you need a Statista Account, To download this statistic in PNG format you need a Statista Account, To download this statistic in PDF format you need a Statista Account. [52] Because of this, it is used in combination with radon for nuclear batteries. [8] Because of its position in his periodic table, Mendeleev called it ekasilicon (Es), and he estimated its atomic weight to be 70 (later 72). 0.6 For further information regarding how we use cookies and other tracking technologies, please see section 11 of our website privacy notice. A tarnish-proof silver alloy trademarked Argentium contains 1.2% germanium. [84] Germanium is useful for monochromators for beamlines used in single crystal neutron scattering and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. All figures are estimates. 8 of Gunn, G., eds., Critical metals handbook: Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., p. 177-203, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118755341. Germanium world production by country 2021 | Statista I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening and goodbye. Two oxides of germanium are known: germanium dioxide (GeO2, germania) and germanium monoxide, (GeO). [note 3] So instead, Winkler named the new element germanium (from the Latin word, Germania, for Germany) in honor of his homeland. In, Capital. Some germanium is recovered from recycling of scrap during the manufacturing process, such as the manufacture of fiber-optic cables (Mercer, 2015).The element germanium largely occurs as a geochemical substitute in various sulfide minerals, primarily in the mineral sphalerite (ZnS), with minor inclusion in silicate minerals. Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. "Distribution of germanium reserves worldwide 2009, by country." M. Garside , Feb 26, 2023. In sterling silver alloys, for instance, it reduces firescale, increases tarnish resistance, and improves precipitation hardening. Period freezes) from the molten state. Germanium is used for strategic, consumer, and commercial applications due to its high refractive index, transparency to infrared light, and properties as a semiconductor. [31] At pressures above 120 kbar, germanium becomes the allotrope -germanium with the same structure as -tin. Germanium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table 3359: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1021, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181021. production ramped up at its new germanium wafer production line. These cookies can share that information with other organizations or advertisers. It is a very bright, hard, and brittle grey metal that cannot be rolled or drawn. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Once silicon took over, it might seem that germanium would be relegated to the backwaters of chemical obscurity as an also-ran that was no longer worth using. [64] A recent study found that at least 10,000 t of extractable germanium is contained in known zinc reserves, particularly those hosted by Mississippi-Valley type deposits, while at least 112,000 t will be found in coal reserves. Statista. This is now the major use for this element. But in 1877, a fellow chemist called Hermann had found a substance in the mineral tantalite which he believed was a new metallic element. Germanium was used in early transistors similar to the one featured here. January 31, 2022. to incorporate the statistic into your presentation at any time. Winkler was able to isolate the new element in 1886 and found it similar to antimony. We welcome your feedback. A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Elemental germanium is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices. [24] Before 1945, only a few hundred kilograms of germanium were produced in smelters each year, but by the end of the 1950s, the annual worldwide production had reached 40 metric tons (44 short tons). Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact Winkler named the element after his country, Germany. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. [28], The notable properties of germania (GeO2) are its high index of refraction and its low optical dispersion. The largest past producers of germanium from Kipushi-type deposits occurred in Kipushi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tsumeb, Namibia. The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. [56] Only a few minerals like argyrodite, briartite, germanite, renierite and sphalerite contain appreciable amounts of germanium. Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. The authors welcome additional published information in order to continually update and refine this dataset. This has led some scientists to study their potential use in pharmaceuticals. A silvery-white semi-metal. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. They are found in small quantities as the minerals germanite and argyrodite. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. Use Ask Statista Research Service. Chemical element, symbol Ge and atomic number 32, Precautions for chemically reactive germanium compounds, Just as the existence of the new element had been predicted, the existence of the planet, R. Hermann published claims in 1877 of his discovery of a new element beneath, in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust, Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties", "Critical Metals Ga, Ge and In: Experimental Evidence for Smelter Recovery Improvements", "D. I. Mendeleev's concept of chemical elements and, "Mittheilungen ber des Germanium. In the original valve or vacuum tube form, this had a heater that gave off electrons and an anode to which the electrons were attracted across a vacuum. Currently, you are using a shared account. In 1886, Clemens Winkler at Freiberg University found the new element, along with silver and sulfur, in the mineral argyrodite. Business Solutions including all features. Given its high transparency to infrared radiation, in the field of infrared optics, the metalloid is incorporated in lenses or windows. [61][62] The coal deposits near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia, contain an estimated 1600tonnes of germanium. Used to calculate visitor, session and campaign data for analytics reports. In 2010, researchers demonstrated room temperature spin transport[88] and more recently donor electron spins in germanium has been shown to have very long coherence times. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). [38] Other oxidation states are rare: +3 is found in compounds such as Ge2Cl6, and +3 and +1 are found on the surface of oxides,[39] or negative oxidation states in germanides, such as 4 in Mg2Ge. Germanium is also recovered from lignite and coal deposits worldwide (Melcher and Buchholz, 2014). All such documents and related graphics are provided "as is" without any representation or endorsement made and warranty of any kind, whether expressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, security and accuracy. Germanium world production by country 2020 | Statista Introduction Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev suspected the element germanium to exist as eka-silicon during creation of the Periodic Table of Elements in 1881 ( Jefferson Lab, 2003 ). Such innovations are based on our closed-loop business model and our drive towards a circular economy, providing a powerful differentiator in Umicores business strategy. It was passed to Albin Weisbach at the nearby Mining Academy who certified it was a new mineral, and asked his colleague Winkler to analyse it. And bizarrely, despite being at the bottom of group one of the Periodic Table, Francium isn't actually as reactive as Cesium. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. The total global production of germanium. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). [22][23] The first major use was the point-contact Schottky diodes for radar pulse detection during the War. [41][42] Bismuth germanate, Bi4Ge3O12, (BGO) is used as a scintillator. Data for this section been provided by the. [34] [note 2] However, the name "neptunium" had already been given to another proposed chemical element (though not the element that today bears the name neptunium, which was discovered in 1940). Germanium is not thought to be an essential element for any living organism. Use Ask Statista Research Service, Bitcoin (BTC) trading volume in 44 countries worldwide in 2020, Age distribution of population in Nigeria 2021, by gender, Cryptocurrency adoption in 56 different countries worldwide 2019-2023, Estimate of the monthly number of cryptocurrency users worldwide 2016-2022, To download this statistic in XLS format you need a Statista Account, To download this statistic in PNG format you need a Statista Account, To download this statistic in PDF format you need a Statista Account. [28] The remaining 5% went into such uses as phosphors, metallurgy, and chemotherapy. Of these, 76Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.781021years. This statistic is not included in your account. In mid-1885, at a mine near Freiberg, Saxony, a new mineral was discovered and named argyrodite because of its high silver content. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. [43], Binary compounds with other chalcogens are also known, such as the disulfide (GeS2) and diselenide (GeSe2), and the monosulfide (GeS), monoselenide (GeSe), and monotelluride (GeTe). The pure element was commonly doped with arsenic, gallium or other elements and used as a transistor in thousands of electronic applications. An official website of the United States government. Important countries such as China and USA are not included in the. [82] The high brilliance of this polyester is especially favored for PET bottles marketed in Japan. [44] By heating the disulfide in a current of hydrogen, the monosulfide (GeS) is formed, which sublimes in thin plates of a dark color and metallic luster, and is soluble in solutions of the caustic alkalis.
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